06/04/2026
When you work for yourself, nobody is setting up a 401(k) for you.
There are a handful of options available for self-employed individuals and small business owners, and the differences between them can be significant.
Here’s a breakdown of the most common options:
SEP-IRA (Simplified Employee Pension)
A popular because it’s simple to set up and there is virtually no paperwork to maintain.
Contributions are employer-only, and you can contribute up to 25% of your net self-employment income, (up to $72,000 plus catch-up contributions if you qualify) for 2026.
Salary deferrals and Roth are not allowed.
SIMPLE IRA
Designed for small businesses that actually have employees. If you have a handful of staff and want a straightforward retirement plan with minimal complexity, this can work.
The contribution limits are significantly lower, with max deferrals for 2026 dependent on the number of employees, but under $20,000 (plus catch-up contributions if you qualify).
The employer is required to make contributions each year, which could present a challenge if income fluctuates or you have some negative earning years.
Defined Benefit (Pension) Plan
Can allow very high earners - often in their 50s or older - to sock away $100,000 or more per year on a tax-deferred basis. The contribution limits are determined by an actuary based on your age and income. The tax deductions can be substantial.
The downside is complexity and cost: you need an actuary to manage the plan every year, and there are ongoing filing requirements. For someone with very high income who is behind on retirement savings, it is worth a conversation.
The Solo 401(k)
Usually the Best Option for Solopreneurs. If you are self-employed with no full-time W-2 non-spouse employees, the Solo 401(k) is worth serious consideration.
As both employer and employee, you can make two types of contributions. You can defer up to $24,500 (plus catch-up amounts) as an employee in 2026. You can also make an employer profit-sharing contribution of up to 25% of your net self-employment income.
The combined total can reach $72,000 in 2026 (not including catch-up contributions). Also, many Solo 401(k) plan documents allow you to designate contributions as Roth.
You need to establish the plan by December 31st of the year you want to begin contributing (for existing businesses).
If your plan assets exceed $250,000 at any time during the year, you will need to file Form 5500 annually.